ENERGY
THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF ENERGY: KINETIC, THERMAL, CHEMICAL, SOUND, ELECTRICAL, LIGHT...
KINETIC ENERGY: PRODUCED THROUGH MOVEMENT.
A HEAVY OBJECT MOVING QUICKLY HAS MORE KINETIC ENERGY THAN A LIGHTER OBJECT MOVING SLOWLY.
SOURCES OF ENERGY TO MOVE THINGS: PETROL, BATTERIES, WIND...
A HEAVY OBJECT MOVING QUICKLY HAS MORE KINETIC ENERGY THAN A LIGHTER OBJECT MOVING SLOWLY.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY CAN MAKE MACHINES WORK. WE CAN TRANSFORM ELECTRICAL ENERGY INTO LIGHT, SOUND, HEAT AND MOVEMENT.
ELECTRICITY CAN BE MADE BY BURNING FOSSIL FUELS, BY USING SOLAR ENERGY, WIND ENERGY, HYDROPOWER... IT CAN BE PRODUCED IN NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS...
THERMAL ENERGY: PRODUCES HEAT. IT FLOWS FROM A WARM OBJECT TO A COOLER ONE. THE SUN IS OUR MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY.
WE USE THE ENERGY STORED IN FOSSIL FUELS (COAL, OIL, GAS) TO WARM OUR HOMES, TO COOK...
SOUND ENERGY: PRODUCED BY THE VIBRATIONS OF SOUND. VIBRATIONS TRAVEL THROUGH THE AIR UNTIL THEY REACH OUR EAR.
WHEN THE VIBRATIONS ARE LARGE, THE SOUND IS LOUD. WHEN THE VIBRATIONS ARE SMALL, THE SOUND IS SOFT.
WHEN WE EAT, OUR BODY TURNS THE CHEMICAL ENERGY OF THE FOOD INTO THERMAL OR KINETIC ENERGY.
WHEN A CAR BURNS PETROL IT PRODUCES KINETIC ENERGY.
LIGHT ENERGY CAN BE NATURAL (SUN, STARS...) OR ARTIFICIAL (LIGHT BULBS, CANDLES...)
WHEN LIGHT CAN TRAVEL THROUGH OBJECTS, THE MATERIALS ARE TRANSPARENT.
WHEN LIGHT CAN'T TRAVEL THROUGH OBJECTS, THE MATERIALS ARE OPAQUE.
WHEN ONLY SOME LIGHT CAN TRAVEL THROUGH OBJECTS, THE MATERIALS ARE TRANSLUCENT.
LIGHT ALWAYS TRAVELS IN STRAIGHT LINE.
WHEN LIGHT HITS AN OBJECT AND CHANGES DIRECTION IT IS CALLED REFLECTION.
WHEN LIGHT HITS AN OBJECT AND CHANGES DIRECTION IT IS CALLED REFLECTION.
WHEN LIGHT CHANGES THE MEDIUM IT IS TRAVELLING THROUGH, IT CHANGES DIRECTION AND BENDS. IT IS CALLED REFRACTION.
WHITE LIGHT IS A MIXTURE OF DIFFERENT COLOURS.
A PRISM SEPARATES WHITE LIGHT INTO ITS COMPONENT COLOURS (DISPERSION).
THE RAIN DROPS ARE LITTLE PRISMS AND SEPARATE THE WHITE LIGHT OF THE SUN IN THE COLOURS OF THE RAINBOW: RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN, BLUE, INDIGO AND VIOLET.
WE CAN MAKE WHITE LIGHT BY MIXING THE THREE BASIC COLOURS: BLUE, GREEN AND RED.
THERMAL ENERGY
MATTER IS MADE UP OF PARTICLES. THESE PARTICLES HAVE ENERGY AND MOVE CONSTANTLY. WHEN MATTER GETS WARMER, THE PARTICLES MOVE FASTER AND BECOME FURTHER APART.
CHANGES OF STATE
WHEN WE HEAT AND OBJECT, WE ARE INCREASING ITS AMOUNT OF THERMAL ENERGY AND WE CHANGE ITS STATE.
MOVEMENT OF THERMAL ENERGY
WHEN WE TOUCH SOMETHING HOT, THERMAL ENERGY PASSES TO OUR HAND.
WHEN WE TOUCH SOMETHING COLD, THERMAL ENERGY PASSES FROM OUR HAND TO THE OBJECT.
HEAT CONDUCTORS TRANSFER HEAT QUICKLY (IRON, COPPER, ALLUMINIUM).
HEAT INSULATORS DO NOT TRANSFER HEAT WELL (WOOD, PLASTIC, WOOL).
SOUND ENERGY
WHEN OBJECTS VIBRATE, AIR PARTICLES AROUND THEM VIBRATE TOO AND TRAVEL THROUGH THE AIR. THEY ARE CALLED SOUND WAVES.
SOUND TRAVELS IN ALL DIRECTIONS FROM THE SOURCE AND IT CAN TRAVEL THROUGH AIR, WATER, AND THROUGH SOLID AND OPAQUE OBJECTS.
SOUND CAN REFLECT OFF AN OBJECT. WHEN SOUND REFLECTS ON AN OBJECT THAT IS FAR AWAY, WE HEAR AN ECHO.
SOUND CANNOT TRAVEL WHEN THERE IS NO AIR, SO THERE IS NOT ANY SOUND IN SPACE.
SOUND CAN PRODUCE CHANGES IN OTHER OBJECTS. AN EXPLOSION CAN BREAK THE GLASS OF A WINDOW.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
INTENSITY
DEPENDS ON THE STRENGTH OF THE VIBRATIONS THAT PRODUCE THE SOUND. LOUD SOUNDS ARE THE MOST INTENSE AND TRANSFER THE MOST ENERGY. QUITE SOUNDS TRANSFER LESS ENERGY.
PITCH (TONO/ALTURA)
DEPENDS ON HOW QUICKLY VIBRATIONS ARE PRODUCED.
HIGH RATE OF VIBRATIONS = HIGH-PITCHED SOUND.
LOW RATE OF VIBRATIONS = LOW-PITCHED SOUND.
TONE (TIMBRE)
QUALITY THAT ALLOWS US TO DISTINGUISH TWO SOUND WITH THE SAME TONE.
SOURCES OF ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY: THESE SOURCES OF ENERGY DO NOT RUN OUT BECAUSE THE COME FROM THE SUN, THE WIND AND THE WATER. THEY DO NOT CAUSE POLLUTION (SOLAR ENERGY, WIND ENERGY, HYDROPOWER)
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY: THESE SOURCES OF ENERGY WILL RUN OUT BECAUSE THEY COME FROM THE GROUNG AND THE SEABED (CRUDE OIL, NATURAL GAS, COAL...)
WHITE LIGHT IS A MIXTURE OF DIFFERENT COLOURS.
A PRISM SEPARATES WHITE LIGHT INTO ITS COMPONENT COLOURS (DISPERSION).
THE RAIN DROPS ARE LITTLE PRISMS AND SEPARATE THE WHITE LIGHT OF THE SUN IN THE COLOURS OF THE RAINBOW: RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN, BLUE, INDIGO AND VIOLET.
WE CAN MAKE WHITE LIGHT BY MIXING THE THREE BASIC COLOURS: BLUE, GREEN AND RED.
THERMAL ENERGY
MATTER IS MADE UP OF PARTICLES. THESE PARTICLES HAVE ENERGY AND MOVE CONSTANTLY. WHEN MATTER GETS WARMER, THE PARTICLES MOVE FASTER AND BECOME FURTHER APART.
WHEN WE HEAT AND OBJECT, WE ARE INCREASING ITS AMOUNT OF THERMAL ENERGY AND WE CHANGE ITS STATE.
WHEN WE TOUCH SOMETHING HOT, THERMAL ENERGY PASSES TO OUR HAND.
WHEN WE TOUCH SOMETHING COLD, THERMAL ENERGY PASSES FROM OUR HAND TO THE OBJECT.
HEAT INSULATORS DO NOT TRANSFER HEAT WELL (WOOD, PLASTIC, WOOL).
WHEN OBJECTS VIBRATE, AIR PARTICLES AROUND THEM VIBRATE TOO AND TRAVEL THROUGH THE AIR. THEY ARE CALLED SOUND WAVES.
INTENSITY
DEPENDS ON THE STRENGTH OF THE VIBRATIONS THAT PRODUCE THE SOUND. LOUD SOUNDS ARE THE MOST INTENSE AND TRANSFER THE MOST ENERGY. QUITE SOUNDS TRANSFER LESS ENERGY.
DEPENDS ON HOW QUICKLY VIBRATIONS ARE PRODUCED.
HIGH RATE OF VIBRATIONS = HIGH-PITCHED SOUND.
LOW RATE OF VIBRATIONS = LOW-PITCHED SOUND.
TONE (TIMBRE)
QUALITY THAT ALLOWS US TO DISTINGUISH TWO SOUND WITH THE SAME TONE.
RENEWABLE ENERGY: THESE SOURCES OF ENERGY DO NOT RUN OUT BECAUSE THE COME FROM THE SUN, THE WIND AND THE WATER. THEY DO NOT CAUSE POLLUTION (SOLAR ENERGY, WIND ENERGY, HYDROPOWER)
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY: THESE SOURCES OF ENERGY WILL RUN OUT BECAUSE THEY COME FROM THE GROUNG AND THE SEABED (CRUDE OIL, NATURAL GAS, COAL...)
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